Cruise Shipping Industry Impacts On Tourism In Jamaica Tourism Essay

Cruise Shipping Industry Impacts On Tourism In Jamaica Tourism Essay CHAPTER 1 Introduction of the Cruise Shipping Industry and how it impacts on tourism in Jamaica Tourism is the travel for leisure, business or recreational purposes outside of ones norms for no more than a year. It has become the largest and fastest growing industry in the global economy. In 1871 an American sea captain called Lorenzo Dow Baker sailed into Port Antonio and took with him a cargo of coconuts and 1,450 stems of bananas. The profit that he made in Boston quickly made him realize the potential for the area because profits from the sale of the bananas were great he soon built a thriving export business, called The Boston Fruit Company, which later became the United Fruit Company. He owned 40 banana plantations and shipped three million bunches annually at its peak. He later saw the potential for tourism in Jamaica and established the first cruise ship to and from Port Antonio. So he started sailing visitors from the freezing New England states to Jamaica of Port Antonio in his empty banana boats. He then built Jamaicas first hotel called the Titchfield Hotel in the e arly 1900s. In 1905 the hotel was 600 feet of open space and 400 rooms. It was said that no hotel on that side of the Atlantic Sea had provided with any of those amenities that minister so largely to the pleasure of travelers. This began to prosper in Jamaica after World War I, when improved methods of transportation made it easier for people to get from one country to the other. Indications are that in the early 1920s the number of tourists visiting the island annually probably did not exceed a few thousand. By 1938 the figure had risen to 64,000, and in 1952 the number of arrivals almost doubled to over 104,000; in 1966 the number exceeded 345,000, and in 1970 nearly 415,000. In 1982 it exceeded 600,000. Since the 1987 ­88 season, the number of visitors has exceeded one million a year and has continued to grow, partly as a result of the great increase in the arrivals of cruise-ship passengers. Total arrivals for 1993 were 1,616,430. The cruise shipping industry has many different impacts on the Jamaican tourism industry. It is one of the fastest growing sectors of the tourism industry, is becoming more popular to tourists and has a good potential for growth. In Jamaica the industry appeals to the mass market cruises. These are the cruises which are moderately priced and appeals to just about every type of person. The Caribbean is one of the most tourism dependent regions in the world with Jamaica being the most dependent as the main source of income which brings 25 percent of GDP. Impacts faced by the tourism industry vary from the environmental point of view, socio- cultural, and economical. As it relates to the environment Cruise ships represent less than 1% of the global merchant  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡eet yet it has been estimated that they are responsible for 25% of all waste generated by merchant vessels. This volume of waste produces pressures on the environment, particularly with respect to ship-generated waste disp osal at home ports and ports of call. Other negative impacts include carrying capacity which is the maximum number of persons recommended on a particular eco-system before this result in depletion of its natural resources. Negative socio-cultural impacts faced locals include the use of resources which may cause conflicts, such as competition between tourist and local populations for the use of prime resources like water and energy because of the scarce supply. Another negative impact is economic inequality, between locals and tourists, where tourists normally spend more than they usually do at home, locals may seem to feel inferior to the tourists as they cannot do such large spending which may cause cultural clashes. Positive impacts are locals and tourists get to share their cultural differences with each other. Economical impacts of cruise shipping in Jamaica are the increase of foreign exchange earnings, profit and taxes, employment, externalities, terms of trade, and economies of scale. In addition, cruise tourism requires less infrastructure compared to stopover tourism at a tourist destination. Negative impacts on the tourism economy are leakages of tourist expenditure which present a problem to cruise destinations. Leakages consist of tourist revenue flowing out of Jamaica in which it was spent. The main sources of leakages are consumer goods (especially food and drink), repatriation of profits, overseas promotional expenses and paying back of external debt. If the income from tourism goes to people who reside outside of the country, instead of residents, the benefits of tourism are small. Cruise tourism has been criticized for imposing local costs without compensating benefits. Cruise passenger spending is directed towards shopping where local content is low. Purpose of the study Jamaica is a beautiful island but in the past decades the country has been transformed into a monumental tourist destination, and in the process destroying a few of the natural beauty along the way. In investigating the cruise shipping industry, I am hoping to find out the positive and the negative impacts of the cruise shipping industry on Jamaica and if it can sustain all the cruise ships seen coming in to the ports, considering that it is a booming business. I will also seek to find out if Jamaica will be able to accommodate all the people coming to the island at once through each port. Impacts such as; what impacts does cruise ships have on the ecological system of Jamaica? What are the ecological impacts on the ports visited? What are the effects on consolidation going on in the cruise industry? 1.2 Significance of the Study The stakeholders that this study will benefit are the Jamaica Tourist Board, tourism students, the Cruise Shipping industry and the tourism sector as a whole, as this will assist them in making further decisions weighing the pros and the cons of this industry on not just its economic benefit but its impact on the environment. 1.3 Statement of the problem If sewage from the cruise ships is released in the ports at each visit, then the marine ecosystem will be damaged and cause harm to living organisms. If too many people visit the island at once from a cruise ship then the total amount of acceptable accommodation will be exceeded causing irreversible damages to Jamaica. 1.4 Research Questions At the end of this end of this research the questions I hope to answer are: What the plans are for the sewage control for each port in Jamaica? Who mostly benefits from the tourists when they visit the government or the public (locals)? If the criticism is true on whether or not has imposed local costs without compensating benefits. If the locals are deprived from water and electricity when cruise ships are at the ports. Definition of Terms Cruise ship- If the locals are deprived from water and electricity when cruise ships are at the ports. Consolidation- The process of maturation in some markets whereby smaller companies are acquired or run out of business, leaving only a few dominant players Ecological impacts- Effect on living organism and their non-living (a biotic) environment due to human activity or natural phenomenon Economical Impacts- Economy-wide (macroeconomic) effect on employment and incomes produced by a decision, event, or policy. GDP- Gross Domestic Product Leakages- leakage is the non-consumption uses of income, including saving, taxes, and imports Ports- a city, town, or other place where ships load or unload Port of call- A port visited by a cruise ship but where passengers do not begin or terminate their journey. Socio-cultural impacts- social and cultural problems

Marketing Efforts Paper

Big Brothers Big Sisters Metro Atlanta – Marketing Efforts Paper Tolejala Keel PA 572 Managing Nonprofit Development Programs Keller Graduate School Professor Ian Coyle Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Historical Background 3,4 III. Mission Statement4 IV. Marketing Methods- Organization Centered4,5 V. Marketing Methods- Customer Centered5,6 VI. Recommendations6 VII. References7 Big Brothers Big Sisters I. Introduction The greater metro Atlanta organization is one of the most successful and diverse chapters of Big Brothers Big Sisters.Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) helps at-risk children beat the odds. Big Brothers Big Sisters is the world? s largest mentoring program helping over 270,000 children around the world reach their potential through professionally supported one-to-one relationships. They nurture children, help them realize their potential and build their futures. In doing so they also strengthen communities. Each time Big Brothers Big Sisters pairs a child wi th a role model, one-to-one relationships are built on trust and friendship. These friendships often develop into a future of unlimited potential.II. Historical Background In 1904 Ernest Kent Coulter, a young New York City court clerk named noticed the increased of young boys introduced to the court system. He knew something needed to be done to help these kids and set out to find willing and caring adults volunteers that could help these boys stay out of trouble. That marked the beginning of Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York City and the Big Brothers movement. At around the same time, the members of a group called Ladies of Charity were befriending girls who had come through the New York Children’s Court.That group would later become Catholic Big Sisters. Both groups continued to work independently until 1977, when Big Brothers of America and Big Sisters International joined forces and became Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta ( BBBS) has been serving the Metro Atlanta area for nearly fifty years. Our goal is to enrich children’s lives and provide a solid foundation to allow the next generation to be all they can be—one child at a time. III. Mission StatementThe mission of Big Brothers Big Sisters is to provide children facing adversity with strong and enduring, professionally supported one-to-one relationships that change their lives for the better, forever. Vision: all children achieve success in life. Accountability: by partnering with parents/guardians, volunteers and others in the community we are accountable for each child in our program achieving: * Higher aspirations, greater confidence, and better relationships * Avoidance of risky behaviors * Educational success IV. Marketing Methods- Organization CenteredBig Brothers Big Sisters plan involves the development of a more robust, sustainable resource engine focused on our mission and vision, led by strong board and executive leadership, and strengthened by investments in our fund development systems Below are some of their marketing programs that are organization-centered: A. School-Based Mentoring program is built on partnerships between Metro Atlanta corporations and Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta (BBBS) with the goal of creating mentoring friendships between corporate volunteers and elementary or middle school within close proximity of the corporate site.The corporations sponsor such programs as job shadowing and career day activities on site. The School-Based program includes partnerships with local colleges in addition to those with local corporations. B. Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta is a well established, recognized and respected charity, and has been changing the lives of disadvantaged children for over 100 years. With the support of their valued partners, they can provide and expand many programs, activities and services.They offer many attractive partnership opportunities, from cau se marketing campaigns, Workplace Mentoring, and event sponsorships. These partnerships helps businesses achieve their own business objectives while empowering (BBBS) to strengthen the resiliency of the children, heightening their self-esteem, improving their school performance, enhancing their social and family relationships, and helping them avoid trouble with the law. V. Marketing Methods- Customer Centered When people think of mentoring programs, they think of Big Brothers Big Sisters.As an established youth organization, we’ve worked for more than 100 years to develop youth mentoring programs that work. Our experienced approach to recruiting, screening, matching, and supporting our mentoring relationships has resulted in thousands of lasting relationships and helped change the lives of young people across the country. Below are some of their marketing programs that are customer-centered: A. Mentoring Towards College (MTC) is a comprehensive curriculum with a dual mission : to support academic success in each grade level AND to ensure on-time graduation and college matriculation.In this program, the Mentor uses the MTC curriculum to provide direction and guidance while the child is actually responsible for completing the objectives which include workshops, discussions and programs. All MTC activities work toward the goal of academic success in high school and college preparation. B. The Star Program allows the mentors and children matches to experience theatre first-hand, and explore their imaginations as well as the world around them.Through special after-school performances, matches experience the Atlanta’s many unique and artistic performances and exhibits geared towards complementing student development. VI. Recommendations Research has shown that most non-profit organizations have an â€Å"organization-centered† mindset. However moving from an â€Å"organization-centered† to a â€Å"customer-centered† approach to mark eting will provide a better opportunity for non-profit organizations to increase their competitive advantage and aid in meeting the terms organizational mission.There are two ways in which Big Brothers Big Sisters can become more customer-centered in their marketing efforts: A. Big Brothers Big Sisters can capitalize on Atlanta’s reputation as a very cultural city and professional sports teams. Most Valuable Kids (MVK) will provide (BBBS) children with ticket donations to attend cultural events, professional and collegiate sports and entertainment events. Live entertainment provides a positive source of inspiration for children in a world where there are many negative alternatives. B.Hispanic Mentoring Program- According to the U. S. Census Bureau. Latinos make up about 14 percent of the nation’s population and more than one-third of all Hispanics in the United States are under age 18. Over one-quarter of Hispanic children under 18 in the U. S. live in poverty. The His panic Mentoring Program continues the Big Brothers Big Sisters tradition of outreach to at-risk youth by emphasizing the connection with Hispanic communities and the recruitment of Latino volunteers. References Andreasen, Alan R. , and Philip Kotler.Strategic Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008. â€Å"Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"The Big Move! † Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"Start Something for a Child Today-Big Brothers Big Sisters. † . N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Sept. 2012. .

Immune Response and Hypersensitivity

Axia College Material Appendix C Immune Response and Hypersensitivity Puncture Wound Multimedia Activity After completing the Puncture Wound Multimedia Activity, complete the table below. List the four events of the inflammatory response covered in the activity in the order of occurrence. Rewrite the events in your own words, using vocabulary terms from Ch. 2 of the text. Vascular Events in an Inflammatory Response |Events |Simplified description of event |Professional description of event | |1st |Germs from the nail are introduced below the skin. The skin is broken in some way, in this case by a nail | | | |puncturing the skin. When this occurs, it allows the entry | | | |of pathogens (germs such as bacteria) into the wound. | |2nd |Surrounding cells leak fluid that affects the blood |An immediate local innate response in the infected tissues | | |vessels. is generated by components of the immune system which are | | | |present in those tissues.Those components of the immune | | | | system include macrophages (a type of white blood cell) and | | | |complement proteins (proteins that are involved in the | | | |initial immune response). |3rd |The fluid affecting the surrounding blood vessels causes |Other immune cells (such as neutrophils), leave the | | |the release of other cells into the tissue. |circulation, attracted by the inflammatory mediators | | | |released by the mast cells and enter the wounded area. | |4th |As the wounded part of the body reacts to the germs, |The neutrophil cells attack the pathogens that have entered | | |certain cells destroy these germs. |the wound and begin to kill them.In the meantime, another | | | |specialized immune cell, known as the dendrite cell, carried| | | |parts of the dead pathogen back to the nearby lymphatic | | | |system. | Hypersensitivity Give a brief description and example in your own words for each of the four types of hypersensitivity presented in Ch. 2. Hypersensitivity Matrix Type of Hypersensitivity |Desc ription |Example | |Type I: Allergic/Anaphylactic |Anaphylaxis  is an acute|Anaphylaxis is often triggered by substances that are injected or ingested and | | |multi-system severe |thereby gain access into the blood stream. An explosive reaction involving the skin,| | |type I hypersensitivity|lungs, nose, throat, and gastrointestinal tract can then result. | | |reaction. | |Type II: Cytotoxic/Cytolytic |Cytotoxic are caused by|The reaction of the antibody attachment leads to the activation of complement | | |antibodies, which |proteins (again, encountered earlier). The complement proteins destroy the person's | | |attach to a person's |own blood cells.Type II reactions often occur in incompatible blood transfusions. | | |own blood cells or | | | |tissue cells. | |Type III: Immune Complex |An  immune complex  is |After an  antigen-antibody reaction, the immune complexes can be subject to any of a | | |formed from the |number of responses, including  complement  deposition ,  opsonization,  phagocytosis, or| | |integral binding of an |processing by  proteases. | | |antibody to a soluble | | | |antigen. | |Type IV: Cell-mediated/Delayed|Type IV (cell-mediated)|Cell-mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive | | |reactions appear 12-72 |in  phagocytes  and  microbes  that infect non-phagocytic cells. | | |hours after exposure to| | | |an allergen. | |

Essay on Family Formations - 2167 Words

Outline and critically assess the most significant crises, conflicts and changes in family formations over the last two decades (since 1990). Make reference to your own experience, in terms of changes in identity and identifications over time. In order to address the question it is important to present the evidence which shows that there have been conflicts, crises, and changes in society since 1990. It is widely understood there are many formations of the family. This involves the forever changing affects on society which bring us back to the family. This essay will discuss the social changes occur within the family paying particular attention to lone parenthood. It will look at changes to marriage, divorce, births outside marriage†¦show more content†¦(Gittens, 1993) The family is seen as a universal social institution which must perform certain specific functions which is essential to societys survival. The principle architect of the model nuclear family was functionalist Talcott Parsons. He argued that the nuclear family household has two main functions in modern industrial society; they are socialisation of children and the personality stabilization of adults. (Parsons, 1955). The nuclear family is defined as a small unit consisting of a married couple and their child/children and is united by ties of affection, identity and support. It is widely assumed that this form is the most dominant in society and anything other may be considered as deviant and unacceptable. (Allan and Crowe, 2001) However, this conception of how the family is constituted may be more a reflection on how relationships should be structured rather than how they are and hasnt paid enough attention to the real diversity of experiences in family life, including the increase in numbers of single parent families. (Cheal, 1991). 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